Second language proficiency: Self-report vs. objective measures and relationship with sentential priming in the processing of interlingual homographs.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bilingual lexical access is apparently exhaustive: representations from both languages are activated when reading in either language. This study investigated the roles of proficiency and word frequency in bilingual processing using interlingual homographs; words with identical orthography across two languages but different meanings. Semantic representations from both languages should be activated, resulting in inhibition of the incorrect meaning. Participants read sentences ending with homographs in their second language, French, and a lexical decision followed. Some stimuli were translations of English homograph meanings to French; lingering semantic inhibition was expected to influence reaction time to these stimuli. Lexical decisions were longer for homograph translations than control words, as expected, and the level of inhibition did not differ between proficiency groups. Low proficiency participants made more errors, and more errors were made on stimuli based on low frequency homographs. Results are discussed in relation to theory, neuroimaging studies, and neuropsychological research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".