A steerable smart catheter tip realized by flexible hydrogel actuator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports the first smart catheter tip realized by integrating a thermoresponsive hydrogel on a flexible strip of microfabricated heater, targeting at applications in minimally invasive vascular treatments and other surgical procedures. A bimorph-like active tip structure is fabricated by integrating a 500-μm-thick layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel on top of the 20-mm-long region of a 3.5-mm-wide flexible polyimide strip that embeds a micropatterned resistive heater. The activation of the heater stimulates the hydrogel layer to shrink and bend the flexible tip, providing the catheter with controlled steering ability for a wide range of navigation angles. Infrared imaging shows uniform heating over the entire hydrogel region within a ~2-°C variation. The fabricated prototypes are assembled on commercial catheter tubes and operated to demonstrate bending angles of up to 130°, which is significantly larger compared with other active catheters reported. Dynamic characterization of the device also shows promising results towards the target application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".