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Record W2291546040

Des réponses efficaces aux planifications fiscales agressives : Leçons à retenir des autres juridictions : Fascicule 9 : États-Unis – Offres de règlement = Effective Responses to Aggressive Tax Planning : What Canada Can Learn from Other Jurisdictions : Instalment 9 : The United States - Settlement Offers

2009· article· fr· W2291546040 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Gilles R Larin, Marie Jacques, Robert Duong, Lyne Latulippe

Bibliographic record

VenueKnowledge UdeS (Institutional Deposit of the University of Sherbrooke) · 2009
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicTaxation and Legal Issues
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPolitical science
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Résumé: Ce présent fascicule porte sur les offres de règlement émises aux contribuables en matière de planifications fiscales audacieuses aux États-Unis. Un tel outil, à notre connaissance, n'a pas été mis en oeuvre au Canada au cours des dernières années. Ce fascicule identifie les principales modalités d'application de cet outil ainsi que les enjeux inhérents à son application pour l'ensemble des intervenants aux États-Unis. À la lumière de ces constats, nous identifions de façon préliminaire des pistes de solution pour le Canada. Selon nous, les offres de règlement s'avèrent un outil souple permettant à l'administration fiscale et aux contribuables de mitiger leurs risques respectifs en matière de planifications fiscales audacieuses. Dans le contexte américain, les contribuables doivent composer avec les risques que les avantages fiscaux découlant de planifications audacieuses soient annulés par l'application de la doctrine de la réalité économique, qu'ils soient assujettis à une pénalité pour sous-estimation de l'impôt à payer et qu'ils aient à verser des intérêts sur le montant d'impôt sous-estimé. Une incertitude subsiste cependant sur les modalités de cette doctrine et son application à chaque planification. Par conséquent, tant les contribuables que l'administration fiscale peuvent avoir intérêt à conclure un règlement à l'amiable plutôt qu'à régler leurs différends au terme d'un processus judiciaire long, onéreux et imprévisible. Les modalités des offres doivent être suffisamment souples et équitables eu égard aux facteurs mentionnés ci-haut afin d'assurer l'efficacité à long terme de cet outil. Afin de formuler des offres de règlements, l'administration fiscale américaine doit d'abord disposer d'outils lui permettant d'identifier les planifications audacieuses et leurs participants. À cet égard, l'efficacité des vérificateurs fiscaux américains en conjugaison avec les règles de divulgation en matière de planifications audacieuses accroissent les chances de l'administration fiscale américaine d'identifier les planifications et les contribuables les plus audacieux dépendent de l'efficacité de ses vérificateurs et des règles de divulgation en matière de planifications audacieuses. Dans le contexte américain, les règles de divulgation semblent jouer un rôle important puisque certaines offres de règlements portaient sur des planifications visées par ces règles. Par conséquent, nous sommes d'avis que l'efficacité des offres de règlements dépend de l'efficacité des pouvoirs de vérification de l'administration fiscale américaine ainsi que des probabilités que les tribunaux maintiennent une cotisation fondée sur la doctrine de la réalité économique et de la pénalité pour sous-estimation de l'impôt à payer. Néanmoins, l'administration fiscale doit également disposer de suffisamment d'effectifs et de temps pour compléter la vérification des contribuables concernés et, au besoin, de finaliser les dossiers des contribuables concernés.||Abstract: This specific instalment focuses on settlement offers proposed to taxpayers in respect of aggressive tax planning schemes in the United States. To our knowledge, such a tool has not been implemented in Canada in recent years. This instalment pinpoints the key application details of this tool and the questions inherent in its application for all stakeholders in the United States. In light of these observations, we have pinpointed in a preliminary manner possible solutions for Canada. The conclusions that we formulate concerning the application of settlement offers will be considered in the formulation of its general conclusions and recommendations in the wake of an examination of the entire array of foreign tools. In our opinion, settlement offers represent a flexible tool for taxpayers and the tax administration to mitigate their respective risks regarding aggressive tax planning schemes. In the US context, taxpayers must deal with the risks that the tax advantages derived from such schemes be withdrawn because of the economic substance doctrine, that a penalty for under-stating tax payable be applied and that interest must be paid. Uncertainty remains, however, about the criteria of that doctrine and its application to each planning scheme. Therefore, it may be in the best interests of taxpayers and the tax administration alike to reach an out-of-court settlement rather than engaging themselves in a long, costly and unpredictable judicial litigation. The terms of settlement offers must be flexible and fair to ensure the long-term effectiveness of this tool. A tax administration can issue settlement offers only if has tools that enable it to track down aggressive tax planning schemes and their participants. In that regard, the efficiency of US tax auditors coupled with disclosure rules for aggressive tax avoidance increase the possibilities of the US tax administration to identify the most aggressive schemes and taxpayers. In the US context, the disclosure rules seems to play an important role given that some settlement offers were extended to taxpayers engaging into transactions that had to be reported under those rules. Therefore, we think that the efficiency of settlement offers depends on whether aggressive taxpayers face a genuine risk that the US tax administration identifies them, and depends as well on the probabilities that the courts would uphold an assessment based on the economic substance doctrine and on the possibility of the application of the penalty for under-stating tax payable. Nonetheless, the tax administration must have the time and resources that would allow the completion of the audit and the closing of the files of participating taxpayers.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.622
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0040.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.230
Teacher spread0.215 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2009
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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