ANGIOTENSIN II INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN ADULT CARDIOMYOCYTE IS SUPPRESSED BY ALL TRANS‐RETINOIC ACID
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Circulatory levels of Angiotensin II (Ang II) and oxidative stress are increased in heart failure and both of these conditions are known to induce apoptosis. Vitamin A (retinol) is an important antioxidant and its uptake in the heart from plasma is increased in heart failure. Since vitamin A is metabolized to different bioactive molecules, most notably all trans‐retinoic acid (RA), we examined significance of RA in Ang II induced apoptosis in isolated adult cardiac myocytes. Ang II (10 −9 M) caused a significant increase in myocytes apoptosis and pre‐treatment with RA (10 −7 M) attenuated the morphological and biochemical markers of apoptosis. An increase in Bax / Bcl‐xl ratio by Ang II was prevented by RA. Ang II induced expression of phosphorylated ERK and JNK proteins was also modulated by RA. There was a moderate reduction in mRNA expression of c‐jun and c‐fos by RA treatment. Ang II treatment increased the levels of RXRs and pre‐treatment with RA lead to a reduction in the RXR levels and up‐ regulation of RAR receptors. RARs work in conjunction with RXRs and the present study indicates that low concentration of RA may activate only RAR receptors in cardiac myocytes in the presence of Ang II. The inhibitory effect of RA on the Ang II induced apoptosis in the cardiac myocytes is, thus, through a RAR‐dependent pathway. The results suggest that the interaction between RA and Ang II appears to be more complex than simple suppression of Ang II signaling (Supported by CIHR).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".