Hybrid-plasmonic three-terminal travelling-wave modulator with dynamic reconfigurability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The trade-off between extinction ratio (ER), insertion loss (IL), and energy consumption (E) is a common bottleneck for existing integrated optical modulators. In this work, we report an indium tin oxide (ITO) based hybrid-plasmonic modulator, consisting of a Si/ITO/HfO2/Al/HfO2/ITO/Si stack, that can alleviate such trade- off in device metrics. This is achieved by first use field symmetry matching technique to engineer the waveguide to support long-range propagation. Then, by electrostatically inducing the ITO layers to enter an epsilon-near-zero state, strong carrier absorption as well as disturbance to the field symmetry will render the otherwise low-loss waveguide highly absorptive. Using this strategy, amplitude modulation with ER = 4.83 dB/μm, IL = 0.03 dB/μm, and E = 14.8 fJ is achieved. Moreover, with a triode-like biasing scheme, the modulator attributes can be further manipulated and the same device can be dynamically reconfigured for phase and 4-quadrature-amplitude modulation, with actively device length of only 5.53 μm and 17.78 μm respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".