The time domains of the ventilatory responses of bowfin (Amia calva) to prolonged hypoxia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The acute responses of fish to hypoxia are well established, however the time course for the hypoxic ventilatory response in chronic hypoxia is not well understood. In the present study we assessed the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses of the facultative air breather, Amia calva, to severe hypoxia for 3 days. During prolonged exposure to hypoxia, there was an initial increase in gill breathing frequency, amplitude and total gill ventilation over the first three hours of hypoxic exposure, but this was not sustained. After the initial acute response, there was a decrease in total ventilation that lasted until about 24 hours of hypoxic exposure, when a secondary increase in ventilation started taking place. There was also an immediate bradycardia that was not sustained. These changes were accompanied by changes in the size, and density but not distribution of putative gill neuroepithelial cells (homologous to carotid body glomus cells) after 3 days of hypoxic exposure indicating the importance of these cells in the hypoxic ventilatory response. The time domains seen in gill breathing in Amia are similar to those reported in mammals however the time course of these responses is slower with a ventilatory "roll off" developing in hours not minutes. (funded by NSERC of Canada)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".