Alternative for Rapid Detection and Screening of Pork, Chicken, and Beef Using Dielectric Properties in the Frequency of 0.5 to 50 GHz
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dielectric property at high microwave frequency region has been utilized for possible rapid detection and screening of different types of meat, especially for halal authentication. This investigation focused on both raw and sterilized (processed) beef, pork, and chicken samples. Dielectric response that consists of dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor was measured over the range of 0.5 to 50 GHz. All raw and sterilized meat samples could be differentiated by the dielectric values. Two distinct peaks were observed only for both raw and sterilized pork samples at the frequency around 7.43 and 31.19 GHz. These peaks can potentially be linked to compounds that exist only in pork such as DNA, microbes, enzyme, proteins, amino acids, and many others. Dielectric values for sterilized samples were lower than raw samples due to molecule structural changes that occurred in the samples. The dielectric results promise a great potential of utilizing dielectric properties as a rapid on-site detection approach prior to subsequent laborious analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".