Water Use and Cultural Conflict in 19th Century Northwestern New Spain and Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article contributes an historical geographic perspective to water conflicts in U.S.-Mexico borderlands during a period of time when friction between competing values and uses of water significantly influenced the context and nature of cultural interactions.The events and ideas surrounding water use that created cultural conflicts are examined for the vicinity of Mission San Luis Rey and the Santa Margarita River of Alta California, near presentday Oceanside, California.The introduction of new irrigation technologies and increasing demands for irrigation water prompted clashes between the Quechnajuichom, the self-identified name for the native Californians later referred to as Luisehios, and those who came later to Alta California identifying themselves as gente de raz6n.Initially, missions were the primary institution ofgente de raz6n to promote changes to Quechnajuichom ideas about water and simultaneously to the way water was used.Later, during the quarter century of Mexican rule, both the secularization of missions and dramatic increases in the number and size of land grants made by the Mexican government significantly changed the character of intercultural relations and availability of water.Unearthing earlier conflicts in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands not only reveals historic roots of contemporary controversies involving water use, but also provides insights into struggles over the values and cultural norms that are embedded in water conflicts.While the complexity of water conflicts has increased in recent decades and institutional characteristics have changed markedly, water has always been significant enough to influence the nature of interactions in the borderlands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".