Extensive sediment characterization during unidirectional flushing in a distribution system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2011, the City of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada) conducted unidirectional flushing (UDF) of 120 km of pipes in a zone of its distribution system, last flushed in 2007. A total of 280 runs were flushed, continuous turbidity profiles were obtained for 263 runs (for estimation of sediment accumulation), composite samples were collected for 108 runs to establish sediment composition (TSS/VSS, metals) and 176 data points were available to establish the NTU-TSS relationship. The incidence of pipe material (CI, DI, PVC) on sediment accumulation/composition was assessed. Sediments were found to be mainly composed of organic matter, calcium, aluminum, iron, and manganese. The total mass of sediments removed from the system was estimated at 169 kg for a total pipe length of 116 km and a 4-year accumulation period. CI pipes were found to be a significant source of iron deposits in the distribution system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".