Bibliographic record
Abstract
The battle over immigration reform is a recent manifestation of a long debate over the relationship between the United States and other countries. To economists, these issues are easy. Since at least the work of David Ricardo (1772-1823), economists have known that international trade is desirable and beneficial for both trading partners. But the continuing debate over these issues is evidence that many citizens have difficulty understanding or accepting the wisdom of economists. When there is such disagreement, it is useful to look for the causes of the dispute rather than merely decrying the ignorance of non-economists. Much Ado about MB The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which took effect in 1989, is an international agreement to limit or phase out various chemicals that deplete the ozone layer. One such chemical is methyl bromide (MB), an important pesticide used to control harmful insects, rodents, pathogens and weeds. The U.S. government (that is, the EPA) can, with the approval of the protocol's international oversight committee, grant exceptions for specific amounts of certain chemicals that are considered to be critically needed. Regulators have made this process a nightmare for those who produce or need MB. But even if all manmade methyl bromide were eliminated, more than 80 percent of the current volume would still be released into the atmosphere, because most of MB emissions are the result of natural processes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".