Migration in the Sudan during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1898-1955)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper argues that migration patterns during the Condominium were a continuation of processes already discernible during the 19th century, and that these have gained further momentum since independence. Four main migratory processes are considered: rural to urban migration and the growth of urban primacy; inter-regional movements leading to ethnic mixing in urban and rural areas; easterly migration of people from western Sudan and West Africa; and nomadism with its impact on sedentary peoples. In the aftermath of the Angl-Egyptian conquest in 1898 these processes were seemingly in reverse. The population of Omdurman dropped to 40 000. There was migration westwards and southwards as tribes returned to their former homeland areas and way of life, leading to a resurgence of nomadic activity and to a reversal in the process of ethnic mixing. However, this was a purely temporary phase. By 1955, the old migratory patterns had long since resurfaced. These processes are reviewed in the light of the results of...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".