Empirical flashover model of EHV post insulators based on ISP parameter in cold environments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main objective of this contribution is to present an empirical model of ice-covered insulator flashover in accordance with an important flashover index, called icing stress product (ISP). The ISP as the product of the ice mass per centimeter of insulator length and the electrical conductivity of the melted ice accretion is used to establish an empirical model to determine the flashover voltage under icing conditions. To achieve this model, several tests were carried out on post station insulators typically used in Hydro-Quebec 735-kV substations, under DC and AC voltage, to determine the relationship between flashover stress and the ISP. The ISP-based method offers a good tool not only to select insulators for locations exposed to freezing conditions, but also to compare flashover results obtained under different test conditions. Moreover, to study the optimizing method of insulator flashover, the influence of air gaps on the flashover stress of ice-covered post insulators is investigated. The results reveal that the number of air gaps significantly affects the flashover stress. The test results are highly meaningful as they can be used as a reference for ranking several other insulator types and configurations in order to select the appropriate one for cold environments. Moreover, several mitigation options to improve insulator reliability in cold environments are provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".