Bibliographic record
Abstract
An improved protocol for measuring light-dependent proton translocation across the membrane of isolated thylakoids is described. The method uses a pH electrode attached to data acquisition software to measure the pH increase in the bathing solution as protons are pumped from the solution to the internal compartments of the thylakoid vesicles. Up to the point of light saturation, the magnitude of proton movement depends on irradiance level. Proton translocation is inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU). In the presence of gramicidin D, a proton gradient across the membrane can be neither established nor maintained. Depending on its redox state, dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) can act as an electron donor or acceptor to or from different components of the thylakoid membrane. Studies using oxidized or reduced DCPIP with or without a high concentration of DCMU demonstrate that both linear and cyclic electron flow both result in light-dependent proton translocation. Proton translocation is a fundamental process used by most types of organisms to create a transmembrane proton gradient that provides the energy for ATP synthesis. The value of the described method is that students can directly measure the disappearance of protons from the thylakoid suspension solution and, by adding DCMU and oxidized or reduced DCPIP, demonstrate the coupling of electron transport to proton translocation in the thylakoid membrane.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".