Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the behaviour of cross passage between cast-iron tunnels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behaviour of cast-iron cross passages in the London Underground was investigated using three-dimensional finite element models. Unlike the behaviour of a full tunnel ring, the structural integrity of a tunnel cross-passage opening relies on support from adjacent linings. In clayey soils, the opening may deform further as the soil stiffness changes from undrained to drained conditions. Degradation of the circumferential bolts and trackbed may also lead to further tunnel movement. A parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of soil stiffness and structural components (e.g., bolts and lintel) on the structural integrity of a tunnel opening. Results show that a lintel effectively transfers the load above the opening to the adjacent linings, and its distortion affects tunnel deformation significantly. If a lintel is not present, both bolts and friction between tunnel segments provide shear resistance to the lining deformation at the tunnel opening against soil loading. Results are compared with field observations made at a critical cross passage in one of the London Underground tunnels. The findings contributed to identifying the critical deformation mechanisms of cast-iron tunnel cross passages, which can be useful during inspection of such structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".