Maternal expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and the fetal programming of cardiac hypertrophy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The natriuretic peptide system (NPS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. Mice lacking atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) display chronic hypertension with salt‐sensitivity and cardiac hypertrophy (CH). The effect of maternal ANP expression on the development of CH in offspring is unknown. Objective To determine the effect of maternal ANP genotype on the development of CH in ANP heterozygous (ANP +/− ) offspring born to either ANP wild‐type (+/+) mothers (ANP +/−WT offspring) or ANP knockout (−/−) mothers (ANP +/−KO offspring). Methods 9‐week old male ANP +/−WT and ANP +/−KO mice were treated with normal salt (NS; 0.8% NaCl) or high salt (HS; 8.0% NaCl) diet for 5 weeks. Mice were euthanized, organs were weighed, and left ventricular (LV) gene expression was measured using real‐time qPCR. Results LV‐to‐body weight (LV/BW) ratio did not differ between ANP +/−WT and ANP +/−KO fed NS. HS increased LV/BW ratio in ANP +/−WT but not in ANP +/−KO . Gene expression of corin, iNOS, ACE, AT 1a , sGC‐α1 and ‐β1 were increased, and NPR‐C was decreased in ANP +/−WT , and unaltered in ANP +/−KO . Conclusions Maternal ANP ablation appears to protect against the development of CH in the ANP +/− mouse. Compensatory changes in the ANP −/− mother during development may confer salt‐resistance in the ANP +/− mouse later in life, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. (Support: Heart & Stroke Foundation of Ontario) Grant Funding Source : Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".