Getting to “No:” defending against demands in NAFTA energy negotiations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On August 12, 1992 Mexico, the United States and Canada finally completed the negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which had started more than a year earlier. They were unprecedented trade negotiations in that they posed Mexico, a developing country, against the world's sole remaining superpower in an attempt to establish a deep integration agreement. There was little precedent to fall back on, and it was largely expected that the United States would virtually dictate the agreement, given the huge power asymmetries between the negotiating parties. During NAFTA negotiations, Mexico was loath, because of the nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 and the weighty symbolic importance oil still had (and has) in Mexican politics, to permit US participation in Mexico's oil industry. For its part, the US government was very interested in gaining access to Mexican oil reserves in terms of foreign investment access and supply guarantees. It was a complicated negotiating situation for Mexico, to say the least. As Jagdish Bhagwati stated, “If I were a consultant for Argentina or Brazil, I would tell them not to join NAFTA, because that is where the United States plays the game as they want to … just look at Mexico. They are sweating tears … because now the United States have started to negotiate free trade agreements with other countries. The advantages they [Mexico] had have disappeared and the concessions they made to achieve the agreement will stay in place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".