Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geyser eruptions are produced by a complex and poorly understood set of subsurface processes and conditions. They typically have an abundant supply of water, relatively permeable and competent subsurface material, a conduit to the surface, a driving mechanism (commonly believed to be the initiation of gas lift pumping by steam formation in the conduit), and a trigger. Here we present time series of dissolved CO 2 concentrations in near-surface discharge waters of a thermal geyser in Yellowstone National Park (northwestern United States) that vary systematically over several eruption cycles. Chemical geothermometry, combined with a temperature profile in a nearby well, suggests that the geyser water ascends from non-boiling conditions (∼153–171 °C at a depth of 57–65 m). When the time series of near-surface measured CO 2 concentrations are extrapolated to these subsurface conditions assuming dominantly adiabatic cooling, the additional gas pressure from dissolved CO 2 is large enough to cause the total dissolved gas pressure to exceed bubbling pressure, inducing bubble formation. We postulate that CO 2 is a necessary component to triggering eruptions in the geyser studied. Furthermore, unlike steam, CO 2 bubbles do not completely re-condense during cooling in the geyser conduit, hence providing better sustenance for gas lift pumping than pure H 2 O boiling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".