Effects of the additives growth promoters on intestinal histology, ammonia, volatile fatty acids and ph of weanling pigs challenged with E.coli K88+
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different additives as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on intestinal histology, production of ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and pH content of weanling pigs challenged within E.coli K88 + .Thirty-six 17-d old weaned pigs, averaging 4.58 0.45 kg initial BW, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 6 treatments, 6 replications per treatment and 1 animal per pen (experimental unit). The treatments were: negative control (NC) -basal diet; positive control (PC) -basal diet with 100 mg/kg of chlortetracycline; SB -basal diet with 2,000 mg/kg of sodium butyrate; HE -basal diet with 500 mg/kg of herbal extracts (25% thymol, 22% cinnamaldehyde, 16% eucalyptus, 14.5% melaleuca, 9% Echinacea, 8% ginger extract, 4.5% capsaicin); HE+SB+P -basal diet with 2,000 mg/kg of a combination of herbal extracts + sodium butyrate + polysacarrides (mixture of inactivated yeast and yeast extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and HE+SB -basal diet with 2,000 ppm of a combination of herbal extracts and sodium butyrate. Pigs were infected on day 7 with 10 9 CFU of E.coli K88 + suspended in 6 ml PBS to induce sub-clinical post-weaning colibacillosis (PWC). At the end of the experimental period (14 th d), the animals were slaughtered to evaluate villus height and crypt depth in the ileum, and VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and lactic) in the colon and ileum and pH content. Data were analyzed using the Statgraphics 4.1 software program. Treatments did not affect (P>0.05) ammonia, pH, and VFA in the colon. However, acetic acid in the ileum was higher (P<0.01) for animals fed PC, SB and HE+SB. Pigs fed PC had higher crypt depth (P=0.02) than NC, SB, HE+SB+P and HE+SB.Therefore, SB, HE+SB+P and HE+SB can improve the intestinal histology without affecting ammonia and pH content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".