Is gravitational spreading a precursor for the Stífluhólar landslide (Skagafjörður, Northern Iceland)?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Iceland, the Late Weichselian deglaciation led to paraglacial topographic readjustments in the form of extensive deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and large rockslope failures (landslides and rock-avalanches). Here we provide age estimates for the Stífluhólar landslide (Tröllaskagi Peninsula, Northern Central Iceland), which indicate that this occurred between the end of the Late Weichselian deglaciation (15-13 ka cal. yr. BP) and 8200 ± 1400 cal. yr. BP. Our surface observations also suggest that the Stífluhólar landslide was probably initiated by propagation and connection of DSGSD failure planes. This observation suggests that the DSGSD can act as a precursor for landsliding in paraglacial settings. However, further investigations are still required to fully assess the role of DSGSD as a landslide precursor, both at the local and at a regional scale. Comparisons with other examples of paraglacial rock slope failures in Northern Iceland and in the world suggest that DSGSD is not the main or sufficient precondition for large landslides. The landslide of Stífluhólar occurred due to some combination of favorable preconditioning, predisposing and triggering controls. Predisposing controls include: the favourable dip of the bedding planes in the basaltic bedrock and the presence of intercalated poorly cohesive layers of palagonite between the lava layers, probably acting as basal sliding planes for the landslide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".