A Study on Water Utilization in Chinese Rural Areas1/RECHERCHE SUR L ' UTILISATION D'EAU DANS LES REGIONS RURALES CHINOISES
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: In China, because rural population is great and agriculture is very important in national economy, rural areas have becomes a main sphere of water consume. There exist the problems of water shortage and water waste in the countryside. The conflicts of water resource supply and demand between industry and agriculture are very conspicuous. Various factors that include ideology, finance, technology, management and policy restrict the rational and effective use of water resource. The survey on the villages of Jia Ge Zhuang and Yao Bai Zhuang in Ji County, Tianjin reflects these problems. The government tries to solve the problems by making laws and policies, as well as affording financial and technology support to towns and villages. At the same time, it is necessary for the government to make officials and farmers realize the importance of rational water usage and saving by doing propaganda, coordinating the inter-governments relations, and defining the departments' duties. For realizing the objective of rational water usage, it is necessary to take measures to construct and perfect irrigation installations by both superior and local governments' investment and farmers' labor force. Key Words: Chinese Rural Areas; Water Resource; Rational Use; Farmland; Irrigation System Resume: En Chine,la population est grande et l'agriculture est tres importante dans l'economie nationale. Les regions rurales sont devenues un sphere principal de la consommation d'eau. Il existe les problemes d'insuffisance d'eau et le gaspillage d'eau dans la campagne. Les conflits sur les resources d'eau fournie et demandee entre industrie and agriculture sont tres frequents. Les facteurs varies tels qu'ideologie, finance, technologie, management et politique limitent l'usage rationel et effectif de ressources d'eau. L'enquete sur les villages de Jia Ge Zhuang et Yao Bai Zhuang dans le pays Ji, Tianjin reflete ces problemes. Le government tente de resoudres les problemes par l'elabortion des lois et les poliques, ainsi que le support financierl et technologique aux bourgs et villages. Au meme temps, il est necessaire pour le government a render conscients les officiels et les paysans G importance de l'usage rationel en economisant par la publicite, en coordonnant les relations inter-governmentaux, et en determinant les tâches des departments. Pour la realiser l'objectif de l'usage d'eau rational, il est necessaire de prendre des mesures pour construire et perfectionner G installations d'irrigation par l'investissement des governements superieurs et locaux ainsi que les forces des labeurs. Mots cles: Les regions rurales chionoises, Ressource d'eau, usage rationel,fermier; Systeme d' Irrigation 1. PREFACE In 1994, the Chinese cental government promulgated the China's Agenda 21. In this agenda, the Chinese government shows its determination in establishing a general strategy under which economy, society, population, resource and environment could be mutually corresponded to realize sustainable development. Within this statagem, efficient water usage is a critical factor. It has straight influence on whether or not sustainable development could be established. Water is one of the most important irreproducible natural resources to the mankind. It is closely bound up with social development and people's living. In China, because of the huge rural population and rural economy's prominent position in national economy, rural areas have become the principal water-consuming part. (Table 1) Thus how to make good use of rural water resources deserves high attention. In July 2004, under the help of Tianjin Environmental Protection Bureau and the Environmental Protection Agency of Ji County, the authors made an investigation on water usage condition in Jiagezhuang village, Guanzhuang Township and Yaobaizhuang village, Chuanfangyu Township of Ji County, Tianjin city. Based on these facts, we consulted other correlative data and made an analysis on current water usage condition in Chinese rural areas. …
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it