Effects of temperature on pupal and egg development of <i><scp>E</scp>uphranta connexa</i>, a candidate biological control agent for invasive swallow‐worts in North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract V incetoxicum rossicum ( K leopow) Barbar and V incetoxicum nigrum (L.) ( A pocynaceae) are invasive perennial weeds in North America, for which E uphranta connexa ( F abricius) ( D iptera: T ephritidae) is a potential biological control agent. Female E . connexa oviposit in seed pods of E uropean V incetoxicum species, and developing larvae consume the seeds. Mature larvae emerge and form overwintering puparia in the soil. To facilitate laboratory rearing and the synchronization of oviposition and larval activity with vulnerable stages of target and non‐target plants, we investigated the effect of temperature on survival and development of E . connexa pupae and eggs. Field‐collected pupae from Switzerland were overwintered in cool storage and in spring, and they were placed in constant‐temperature treatments from 9.4 to 35 °C. Adults emerged at temperatures from 11.8 to 27.3 °C, and there was no evidence of pupal diapause. Rates of pupal development did not differ between sexes or among collection sites at altitudes ranging from 520 to over 1 700 m above sea level. From truncated normal models of development rate response to temperature, the estimated lower temperature threshold for pupal development was 4.2 °C and development was most rapid at 25.8 °C. When newly‐laid eggs were exposed to constant temperatures from 11.8 to 30 °C, hatch occurred at all temperatures. The estimated lower temperature threshold for egg development was 9.3 °C, and the predicted temperature at which egg development was most rapid was 31.2 °C. The models of pupal development suggest that E . connexa does not complete its life cycle at the highest altitude of our collection sites and that insects collected there were the result of dispersal from lower altitudes. The models predict that the northernmost North American sites where the insect might be released for biological control of invasive V incetoxicum species are close to the northern limit for completion of the life cycle of E . connexa .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".