Macrophage Interactions with Decellularized Heart Valve Materials: Influence of Crosslinking Treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While macrophages have been implicated in the failure of bioprosthetic heart valves, there is no current literature on the macrophage response to crosslinked, native collagen. Using decellularized bovine pericardium (DBP) as a model, this study investigates the response of macrophage-like cells (U937s) to untreated DBP and DBP under two chemical crosslinking techniques: glutaraldehyde (GLUT) and an alternative zero-length crosslinker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC). U937 cells were seeded and differentiated directly on the material surfaces. At 72 h after differentiation, the samples were fixed for SEM as well as analyzed for acid phosphatase activity, cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase release, all normalized to the number of live, adherent cells via DNA analysis. The U937 cells on the GLUT surface showed an abnormal morphology not seen on the other surfaces. These cells released more pro-inflammatory cytokines, and less MMP-2 and MMP-9 than occurred under EDC treatment or in untreated DBP. The results suggest that host inflammatory cells react to the crosslinking state of the DBP, perhaps as a non-specific response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".