SME Internationalization: Can SMEs Overcome Liabilities of Foreignness and Smallness Through International and Product Diversification?
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We draw from dynamic capability and organisation learning literature to examine whether internationalising Small and medium enterprises (SME) can overcome their liabilities of foreignness and smallness by jointly pursuing product diversification, and two international entry strategies of exporting and FDI. We employ a Japanese sample of 1,083 firm observations over a 9-year period from 1992 to 2000 to explore this question. The results suggest that SMEs may be able to overcome these liabilities by strategically focusing on low to moderate levels of export, FDI and product diversification. This approach leads to fewer mistakes and enables advantages of learning by doing. However, there are limits to such benefits when undertaking high levels of product and international diversification.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it