Hydrology and thermal regime of a proglacial lake fed by a calving glacier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was motivated by an interest in understanding the physical processes driving the thermal regime of an ice-contact proglacial lake, in the context of its influence on downstream water temperatures in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Field work was carried out at Bridge Glacier during the 2013 summer melt period, from June - September, focusing on quantifying the heat and water budgets and the thermal structure of the lake. The proglacial lake extending from the terminus of Bridge Glacier, informally referred to as `Bridge Lake', was approximately 5.9 km² and discharged via a single outlet. A barrier of icebergs caused the ice-proximal and distal portions of Bridge Lake to behave as individual basins, although not separated by a sill. The mean net warming in summer 2013 between the glacier terminus and lake outlet was 2.7 °C. Net radiation provided the dominant energy input and net lateral advection was the dominant energy sink. The presence of icebergs provided a significant energy sink and source of 0 °C melt water. Iceberg melt was equivalent to 6 - 7% of the mean discharge measured at the lake outlet. As icebergs are lost from Bridge Lake with continued glacier retreat, lake discharge is expected to decrease, having detrimental impacts on downstream water supplies for use in hydropower. The vertical thermal structure of the water column was monitored at 8 locations within the distal basin, with varying degrees of stratification observed with increasing distance from icebergs. Suspended sediment concentrations were inferred to dominate density variations, inhibiting vertical mixing of the water column induced by temperature differences. A modelling exercise provided predictions of changes to the thermal behaviour of Bridge Lake with the removal of icebergs once Bridge Glacier becomes land-terminating and ceases to calve icebergs. With the loss of icebergs, Bridge Lake is predicted to exhibit higher water temperatures and elevated advective energy transfer associated with outflow. Drawing upon previous studies and findings from the current study, a conceptual model for the effect of valley glacier retreat on downstream water temperatures is proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".