Improving but unequal: Temporal trends in Chinese self-rated health, 1990–2012
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines temporal trends in the self-rated health of Chinese adults from 1990 to 2012. Concentration on this particular period in Chinese history provides insights into the health implications of China's massive societal transformation induced by economic reform. A series of cross-classified random effects models were estimated predicting favorable health status across time periods and adjusted for age, cohort effect and individual-level covariates. Results show that more recent birth cohorts exhibit better health conditions than earlier birth cohorts. However, period effects had a more profound effect than that of birth cohort. Net of age, cohort and individual-level covariates, there is a significant and increasing trend in self-rated health since the early 1990s. The period pattern was non-monotonic, with health improvement in the early 1990s, a dip later in that decade, but more evidence of improvement by 2012. We also found that health disparities have widened over the past 20 years, particularly on the basis of income and educational attainment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".