Design and construction of field-scale lysimeters for the evaluation of cover systems at the Antamina Mine, Peru
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cover systems have been included as a closure and long-term planning strategy for the estimated 1,539 Mt of waste rock at the Antamina Mine (Peru). A research program was initiated by Antamina, Teck, and the University of British Columbia to determine the most suitable type of cover system for the waste rock dumps at Antamina. The climate regime at the mine site presents special challenges given its high elevation with high rainfall during summer periods, followed by low to negligible precipitation during winter months. The covers were constructed of native, low permeability materials and topsoil, with the aim to reduce net infiltration and oxygen entry to underlying waste rock. Runoff and infiltration through the covers systems is captured in 15 m x 15 m x 2.5 m lysimeters and directed to a water conveyance system to 10 tipping buckets that continuously monitor flow rate. Ten thermal conductivity sensors were installed to measure matric suction and weather instrumentation was installed to obtain site-specific precipitation and net radiation data. This paper presents a summary of the design, construction, and early flow observations for the four cover systems under evaluation.[All papers were considered for technical and language appropriateness by the organizing committee.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".