Experimental Study on Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Solubilized Asphaltene in Water: A Proof of Concept To Upgrade Asphaltene in the Aqueous Phase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To prepare the solubilized asphaltene in water (SAW), the feedstock of hydroprocessing experiments, oxidation reactions were conducted in a 550 mL batch reactor in the presence of NaOH in aqueous phase. At 240 °C and 2 h residence time the asphaltenes conversion reached 80% with 50% yield to SAW. The characterization of solubilized asphaltene in water (SAW) revealed that it contains a wide range of carboxylic acids with various alkyl tails. The presence of carboxylate and carboxylic functional groups in the SAW structure was also confirmed with FTIR analyses. The catalytic hydroprocessing of SAW was studied in a 100 mL batch reactor with presulfided NiMo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The hydroprocessing results at 320 °C and 3 h residence time for SAW prepared at different severities shows that higher oxidation temperature produces the lighter liquid hydrocarbons, which suggests the oxy-cracking of asphaltene through wet oxidation. Increasing the concentration of solubilized asphaltene in water increased solids formation in hydroprocessing from 12.5% for nonconcentrated SAW to 26% for 10 times concentrated solution. The hydrogen deficiency was evidenced in hydroprocessing of high concentrated SAW, where increasing the initial hydrogen pressure from 600 psig to 1000 psig suppressed the solid formation from 26% to 9.5%. Liquid products from hydroprocessing mainly consisted of two cyclohexyl fused hydrocarbons with higher selectivity to naphthenic and lower selectivity to aromatic compounds. Detecting CO 2 as a major component in the gas phase in parallel with the results of GC/MS before and after hydroprocessing confirms that oxygen removal is dominated by decarboxylation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".