Bibliographic record
Abstract
A table-top source for coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is beneficial for spectroscopic techniques requiring photon energies of more than a few electron volts. Other systems which can produce the required photon flux and photon energies are large and have limited beam time such as the Canadian Light Source or a free-electron laser. Conversely, conventional optics (lasers and crystals) cannot produce such high photon energies. An alternative method uses high harmonic generation, a technique that requires high intensities (> [formula omitted]). The high-order harmonics that are created retain temporal and spatial coherence, yet are now in the ultraviolet and soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal of this thesis was to design an optical source and amplifier system that created intensities which surpassed the threshold required for high harmonic generation. The approach used kept the bandwidth narrow and allowed for high EUV photon flux, useful for spectroscopy. Towards this end, a titanium-doped sapphire laser oscillator was designed and built to output > 1W average power, with a peak power > 100kW but limited in bandwidth to 2nm. The methods for obtaining such a high peak power - yet in a stable, bandwidth limited case - are presented. The laser output was then injected into an enhancement cavity with a high Q factor, increasing the average power by a factor of 50. The peak intensity has reached 4 x [formula omitted], or to within a factor of 2 of the threshold required to create EUV radiation. Lastly, methods for coupling out the EUV from the enhancement cavity are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".