Numerical analysis of non-isothermal viscous jet with peripheral heat transfer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A fluid jet ejected from micron size nozzle is a commonly occurring phenomenon in biomedical engineering, printing technology and micro-fluidic applications. Disintegration of a jet into drops occurs due to disturbances induced by external sources. This work explores the various sources of perturbation and their effect on jet disintegration through numerical simulation of a two-dimensional non-isothermal model. The mathematical approach uses a novel technique to combine analytical solutions for the energy balance equation in the radial direction to solve the complete two dimensional problem. The two dimensional energy balance equation is simultaneously solved together with the axi-symmetric Navier–Stokes equations using the slender-jet approximation to predict jet velocity. The energy balance takes into account of peripheral heat transfer to the environment through analytical expressions derived from radial approximations. The model helps in understanding the factors in dynamic temperature variations that eventually render the jet unstable. The distinguishing aspect of this work is the analysis of the effect of a periodic thermal perturbation applied at any point in the domain of a progressive jet, a situation typically encountered in thermal inkjet printers and not considered previously. Results presented for non-isothermal jets which are both stationary and moving illustrate the effect of jet velocity in propagation of perturbation and subsequent drop formation. The major contribution of this numerical study is that it provides an insight on novel ways of controlling droplet formation in bubble jet printers. This study demonstrates that thermal disturbance propagating from periodic heating can be manipulated to shape the droplets and control their breakage point along the jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".