Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrographic investigations in the 18th and 19th centuries are briefly described.An extensive investigation of the Baltic Sea was performed in 1877.Regular observations of temperature, salinity, and currents were started on Swedish lightships and coastal stations in 1878.The different hydrographic organizations and scientists are presented.In 1893 the Swedish Hydrographic Commission, from 1902 the Hydrographic-Biological Commission, was formed.The complicated relations between the Oceanographic Institution at the University of Göteborg, the Oceanographic Institute, and the Hydrographic-Biological Commission are explained.Some worldfamous oceanographers and their works are presented.The Commission was dissolved in 1948 and the Board of Fisheries of Sweden was formed, taking over its responsibilities.The hydrographic investigations were assigned to the Hydrographic Department of the Board of Fisheries.The development of the Hydrographic Department and its transfer to the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute are described.The work of the Fisheries Bureau and the Navy Hydrographic Office are briefly explained.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.015 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".