Hesham Talaat M. Al-Warraq v Republic of Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Existing investment treaty jurisprudence involving cases of investor wrongdoing (such as fraud, illegality or corruption) supports the general proposition that investors engaged in serious wrongdoing cannot benefit from investment treaty protection.4 Further, even where an investor’s claim is not dismissed at a preliminary stage of the proceedings by a ruling on jurisdiction or admissibility, investor wrongdoing can be taken into account at the merits, damages and costs phases of the proceedings.5 In practice, the majority of decisions dealing with investor wrongdoing focus on alleged wrongdoing either during the initial investment-making process or in attempts to manufacture investment treaty jurisdiction through corporate restructuring. In light of the asymmetrical structure of most international investment agreements (IIAs), which impose legal obligations on host States but not on foreign investors, host States have generally raised investor wrongdoing primarily as a defence against an investor’s claim, although a few cases have involved counterclaims by host States.6
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".