1134Characteristics of Hospital-Acquired Influenza in Adults in Southern Ontario, 2005-2012
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. Influenza poses a particular threat to vulnerable hospitalized patients. We reviewed the characteristics of hospital acquired influenza identified by surveillance in Toronto from 2005 to 2012. Methods. The Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network has performed population based surveillance for laboratory confirmed influenza associated with hospitalization in south central Ontario since the 2004/5 influenza season. Eligible patients were those with influenza identified by EIA, DFA, culture, and/or RT-PCR who either required hospitalization for the illness associated with the positive test, or were admitted to an acute care hospital when the specimen was obtained. Acute care hospital acquired influenza (HAI) was defined as influenza with symptom onset >72 hours after hospital admission. Results. Between January 2005 and May 2012, 3130 adult influenza cases were identified, of which 318 (10%) were HAI. Of these, 268 were Influenza A (54 H1N1, 112 H3N2, and 103 not subtyped) and 50 were Influenza B. The median rate of HAI was 1.15 per 100,000 patient days (range 0.47-1.93) with no discernible trend. 22% of cases were associated with declared hospital outbreaks. Compared to community acquired cases, patients with HAI were older (70 vs 66 years old, p < 0.01), more likely to have prior chronic illness (95.3% vs 90.6%, p < 0.01), and more likely to be infected by influenza A (84% vs 77%, p < 0.05). At diagnosis, only 40% of hospital acquired cases met the CDC definition for Influenza-like illness. Patients with hospital acquired influenza were more likely to require ICU admission (26% vs 20%, p < 0.001) and more likely to die within 15 days of diagnosis (18% vs 9%, p < 0.001). Median time from admission to onset of symptoms was 12 days (range 3-209 days). 192/318 (60%) patients were treated with antibiotics, and 217/318 (68%) with antivirals (compared to 84% and 59% in community acquired cases, respectively). Median time from symptom onset to antiviral therapy was 48 hours. Conclusion. Hospital acquired influenza has atypical presentations and results in a significant number of ICU admissions and deaths. Our surveillance identified only a fraction of cases. Active surveillance studies are needed to further define clinical criteria for influenza testing, and to identify cases occurring after hospital discharge. Disclosures. A. Mcgeer, Hoffman LaRoche: Grant Investigator, Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Research grant and Research support; GSK: Grant Investigator, Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Research grant and Research support; Novartis: Grant Investigator, Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Research grant and Research support; Sanofi Pasteur: Grant Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Research grant and Research support
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".