Primitive Embryonic Macrophages are Required for Coronary Development and Maturation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: It is now recognized that macrophages residing within developing and adult tissues are derived from diverse progenitors including those of embryonic origin. Although the functions of macrophages in adult organisms are well studied, the functions of macrophages during organ development remain largely undefined. Moreover, it is unclear whether distinct macrophage lineages have differing functions. OBJECTIVE: To address these issues, we investigated the functions of macrophage subsets resident within the developing heart, an organ replete with embryonic-derived macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a combination of flow cytometry, immunostaining, and genetic lineage tracing, we demonstrate that the developing heart contains a complex array of embryonic macrophage subsets that can be divided into chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2(-) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2(+) macrophages derived from primitive yolk sac, recombination activating gene 1(+) lymphomyeloid, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3(+) fetal monocyte lineages. Functionally, yolk sac-derived chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2(-) macrophages are instrumental in coronary development where they are required for remodeling of the primitive coronary plexus. Mechanistically, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2(-) macrophages are recruited to coronary blood vessels at the onset of coronary perfusion where they mediate coronary plexus remodeling through selective expansion of perfused vasculature. We further demonstrate that insulin like growth factor signaling may mediate the proangiogenic properties of embryonic-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings demonstrate that the embryonic heart contains distinct lineages of embryonic macrophages with unique functions and reveal a novel mechanism that governs coronary development.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".