The determination of a fecal D‐lactate threshold in neonatal ruminants with diarrhea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have documented D‐lactic acidosis secondary to diarrhea in neonatal calves and lambs. The acidosis only appears after sufficiently high levels of D‐lactate are produced by microbial action in the gut. Measurements of serum and fecal lactate led to a determination of a fecal threshold for D‐lactate systemic absorption from the gut in neonatal ruminants. Jugular blood and feces were collected from 27 diarrheic and 4 healthy lambs, and 19 diarrheic and 4 healthy calves. Blood was analysed for pH, bicarbonate concentration (HCO 3 − ), base excess (BE), hemoglobin (Hb), Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl − , anion gap, and glucose. Serum, feces, and urine were analyzed for lactate enantiomers. A range of mild to severe diarrhea, as well as metabolic acidosis was observed with a corresponding wide range of D‐lactate concentrations in both serum (< 0.05‐24.0 mmol/L) and feces (< 0.05‐31.0 mmol/L). The fecal D‐lactate threshold was determined statistically using biphasic (break‐point) regression analysis (serum vs fecal D‐lactate). This fecal threshold concentration for absorption of D‐lactate was 10.2 and 8.8 mmol/L in lambs (n=31) and calves (n=23), respectively. These similar values in different species support a lumen D‐lactate threshold (~10 mmol/L) for monocarboxylic (i.e. lactate) transporters and uptake into the mucosal cells and then blood circulation. Therefore, controlling the amount of D‐lactate produced by gut bacteria, and hence lowering levels below threshold, may be key in preventing the metabolic acidosis common in enteritis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".