Towards the development of an optimal comprehensive retirement preparation model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study represents an attempt to develop a theory to explain the rapid growth of international banking witnessed during the past decade. The focus is on two major banking nations: Canada and the United States. The definition of international banking adopted for the purposes of this study is very broad in nature and includes several types of financial activities. In addition to usual commercial banking activities we include the so-called congeneric services associated with merchant banking. The research process involved a comprehensive review of banking journals, sundry periodicals, and the annual reports of major Canadian and American banks. This material provided descriptive information on the international activities of the banks. After international banking is defined a chapter is devoted to a discussion of the importance of banking to various world economies. In this area, much reliance is placed on the writings of R. W. Goldsmith who developed a measure of the level of financial sophistication for a country. Two chapters are then devoted to a description of the recent rapid growth of the international activities of Canadian and American banks. One conclusion is that international growth has proceeded at a considerably faster pace than domestic growth. Several observers of the international banking scene have offered explanations for the rapid growth. The most popular explanation is that the growth of world trade has caused or at least heavily influenced the growth of international banking. It is at this point that we identify some flaws in the 'following trade' argument. Dissatisfaction with this popular explanation provides the 'jumping off point' for development of our theory of international banking expansion. In order to lay the foundation for development of a theory of international banking expansion, the literature on the theory of the firm and on the theory of foreign direct investment is surveyed. Based on the above material, a model has been developed which builds upon the school of direct investment theory that focuses on oligopolistic industry structure and maximization of growth. The banks are seen to have an almost innate need for growth which is the critical variable influencing international expansion. Several environmental variables are identified that tend to retard growth in the domestic sector. It is argued that the logical consequence of this is that the banks turned to international markets in order to achieve their growth objectives. Foreign growth does not proceed without limit however. A profit constraint (drawing from the writings of W. J. Baumol) is identified and incorporated into the theoretical model. Some of the other theories of direct investment (including the popular Hymer/Kindleberger 'superior knowledge' theory) have only limited explanatory power in international banking. After a preliminary theoretical model was developed, interviews were arranged with senior executives in the international divisions of the five major chartered banks. Their reactions to the model are discussed (where appropriate) in chapters seven and eight. The study closes with a discussion of recent events that have tended to shake up international banking. Inadequate capitalization and various types of governmental interference are currently having a retarding effect on international growth. Finally, a chapter is devoted to a prediction of the future of international banking. It is concluded that, while many problems will be present, the need for growth will continue to be the major factor in explaining the development of international banking.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".