Cognitive reserve in rural and urban older Canadians: evidence using a cognitive screening measure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies have shown conflicting results as to whether or not increased years of education provide a buffer against cognitive changes associated with normal ageing. Several factors have been shown to affect the likelihood of any given set of data demonstrating the existence of an effect of cognitive reserve, including gender, level of cognitive functioning, and the cognitive function being measured. Here we compare scores on the Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS; Teng & Chui, 1987) for rural and urban older Canadians from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA). The original community sample of 10,263 people 65 years of age and over was tested three times at five-year intervals. Mean age at time 1 was 76.5 years (SD = 7.52). Analysis using linear mixed model analysis of variance on 3MS screening scores showed significant main effects for time, education, age, and rural-urban differences with significant interactions for the nonlinear effect for time and both education and the rural-urban difference. More education seemed to have an effect in this large, representative community sample, with those living in small rural communities scoring lower at the first two test occasions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".