Inducing Ferromagnetic Behavior in Cu Nanoparticles and Thin Films through Nonstoichiometric Oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The unconventional magnetism of Cu nanomaterials has been studied in highly pure and capping-ligand-free nanoparticles and thin films. Gas-phase synthesis of these materials allows for the independent study of size and surface effects and their capacity for inducing magnetism in Cu. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) room-temperature (300 K) measurements displayed no size correlation to the ferromagnetic behavior observed in Cu nanoparticles ranging from 4.5 ± 1.0 to 9.0 ± 1.8 nm in diameter. Moreover, magnetic quartz crystal microbalance in situ tests of 4.5 ± 1.0 nm nanoparticles under vacuum conditions showed magnetic behavior only after the onset of oxidation. SQUID analysis conducted on Cu thin films exposed to several heat treatments demonstrated minor oxidation inducing higher ferromagnetic responses compared to extended oxidation. Further analysis of nanomaterial samples exhibiting the highest magnetic responses indicated a Cu/O atomic ratio of ∼3–5:1, suggesting nonstoichiometric oxidation as the source of the ferromagnetic signature.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".