Facile Phase Transfer of Large, Water-Soluble Metal Nanoparticles to Nonpolar Solvents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The facile phase-transfer of large, water-soluble metal nanoparticles to nonpolar solvent is reported here. Thiol-terminated polystyrene (PS-SH) is ligand-exchanged onto water-soluble metal nanoparticles in single-phase acetone/water mixtures, generating a precipitate. The solvent is then removed and the particles are redissolved in nonpolar solvent. This approach is demonstrated for nanoparticles of different metal (Au and Ag), size (3 to >100 nm), shape (spheres, rods, and wires, etc.), and leaving ligand (citrate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The resulting PS-SH-stabilized nanoparticles maintain their initial size and shape, and are highly stable. They are soluble in various organic solvents (toluene, benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran), and can be readily dried, purified, and re-dissolved. This method makes possible the utilization of a full range of existing nanoparticle cores in nonpolar solvents with a single ligand. It provides access to numerous nanomaterials that cannot be obtained through direct synthesis in nonpolar solvent, and is expected to be of significant value in a number of applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".