Foundations for Retrofit and New Construction in Permafrost, Discontinuous Permafrost, and Other Problem Soil Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thaw degradation of permafrost is increasingly becoming an issue for existing and new construction in the northern regions of the globe. A modular tubular foundation system for permafrost and discontinuous permafrost has been developed and continues to prove its worth by providing stability to buildings in even the worst soil conditions. This paper describes a foundation system as it applies to medium to small buildings ranging from 1,500 to 15,000 square feet. For the last 20 years, this modular foundation system has been used in a wide variety of northern soil conditions for both new and retrofit construction. It is now also being used in flood regions such as the San Francisco Valley and has recently found application at a problem soil location near Regina, Saskatchewan. This foundation concept accepts the unreliable and ever-changing bearing capacity of the soil and gives strength to the building in its entirety. The foundation and building combined become one unifying torsionally stable entity. Case studies to show how the foundation system works are discussed for applications in Alaska, the Canadian Northwest Territories, and San Francisco.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".