Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a noninflammatory condition characterized by new bone growth affecting cancellous and cortical bone and particularly targeting the enthesis, that region where ligament, tendon, annulus fibrosis, and similar structures insert into cortical bone. Criteria for diagnosis are based on the radiological presence of entheseal ossification1,2, principally in the spine, where the new bone growth of DISH is ubiquitous. DISH is a common condition with prevalence rates that vary depending on the criteria applied and the population studied. Estimates range from 3.8% of men and 2.6% of women in a Finnish population-based study3, to 22.4% of men and 13.4% of women in an Israeli hospital-based study4. Its prevalence increases with age and hence with the aging population DISH will become more prevalent than before. There is a 2:1 male predominance in DISH, with severe radiological changes reported more commonly in males4. An association with obesity has been noted since the early description of the condition by Forestier and Rotes-Querol5, and over time, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome have also been identified as comorbid conditions6,7. The metabolic factors associated with DISH, despite decades of inquiry, still likely relate to insulin-associated growth factors and the effect of those factors on bone and entheseal growth plates8,9. As the population ages and as the proportion of metabolically vulnerable persons increases, so will the prevalence of DISH increase. Will this emerging epidemic of DISH increase the musculoskeletal health burden? In particular, will there be more pain and disability due to this disorder? Symptoms traditionally attributed to DISH include restriction in movement of spinal joints and entheseal-related …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".