New Songdo International City Block D24, an Iconic and Efficient Twisted Tall Building Structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the structural design of a 50 story, twisted residential building structure. It presents an overview of methods employed in the design of the articulated structural shape. It outlines how the project team imposed this articulation without a significant increase in the use of structural materials beyond that typical for rectilinear tall residential apartment buildings. The column-free design consists of structural concrete dividing walls between five apartments on each floor plate, cantilevered in a radial arrangement from a central cylindrical concrete core. The arrangement of the walls is staggered and alternated between floors, and therefore achieves apparent long spans and column-free apartments. The design also allows the floor plates to be rotated sequentially up the height of the building without imposing torsional force on the central core, a common design challenge associated with towers with a twisted form. The paper details the design process, explaining the motives and constraints of the design, and shows how the unusual structural system was derived. The structural engineering design of the system is explained including discussion of load paths and deflection control. The associated structural consideration of seismic performance is briefly discussed. Finally, a comparison of material quantities is made against two other residential tower structures on the same site, which are mostly rectilinear in form. The comparison shows very similar material quantity use per unit floor area between the three designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".