Characterization, expression and evolution of two novel subfamilies of<i>Pinus monticola</i>cDNAs encoding pathogenesis-related (PR)-10 proteins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proteins of the pathogenesis-related (PR)-10 family are induced in many plants by phytopathogens and environmental stresses. A multi-gene family of PR10 proteins has previously been found in the genome of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don). We isolated two novel subfamilies of PR10 cDNAs (PmPR10-2 and PmPR10-3) from P. monticola that are distinct from other PR10 genes (PmPR10-1.1-1.14) reported from the same species. The PmPR10 proteins are grouped in three subfamilies based on similarity in amino acid sequences. The sequence identities of PmPR10 proteins are much higher among members within a subfamily than among members of different subfamilies (86-99% versus 59-68%). Induction of both PmPR10-2 and PmPR10-3 mRNAs was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in needles in response to wounding treatment. PmPR10-3 was also expressed in needles during cold acclimation in winter. Transcript levels of both PmPR10-2 and PmPR10-3 were less than the detectable levels of constitutive expression in roots, stems and vegetative shoots, whereas PmPR10-1.10 mRNA of subfamily I was expressed at various levels. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PmPR10 and PR10 proteins from other conifers are grouped within one clade that is distinct from that of angiosperm PR10 proteins. In the conifer monophyletic group, PR10 sequences diversify into three distinct clusters. Among these three clusters, some PR10 proteins from single conifer species showed greater divergence distances than sequences from other conifer species, suggesting that, within the conifers, the multi-gene family underwent great diversification during evolution. Based on ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions (Ka/Ks), we speculate that positive selection resulted in the divergence of PmPR10 subfamilies I and III. Possible mechanisms and significance of PR10 gene evolution are discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".