Cell swelling-induced ATP release and gadolinium-sensitive channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ATP release induced by hypotonic swelling is an ubiquitous phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, but its underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. A mechanosensitive (MS) ATP channel has been implicated because gadolinium (Gd(3+)), an inhibitor of stretch-activated channels, suppressed ATP efflux monitored by luciferase bioluminescence. We examined the effect of Gd(3+) on luciferase bioluminescence and on ATP efflux from hypotonically swollen cells. We found that luciferase was inhibited by < or =10 microM Gd(3+), and this may have contributed to the previously reported inhibition of ATP release. In ATP efflux experiments, luciferase inhibition could be prevented by chelating Gd(3+) with EGTA before luminometric ATP determinations. Using this approach, we found that 10-100 microM Gd(3+), i.e., concentrations typically used to block MS channels, actually stimulated hypotonically induced ATP release from fibroblasts. Inhibition of ATP release required at least 500, 200, or 100 microM Gd(3+) for fibroblasts, A549 cells, and 16HBE14o(-) cells, respectively. Such biphasic and cell-specific effects of Gd(3+) are most consistent with its action on membrane lipids and membrane-dependent processes such as exocytosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".