Optimal Tree Construction Model for Cyber-Attacks to Wide Area Measurement Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid deployment of phasor measurements in smart grid transmission system has opened opportunities to utilize new applications and enhance the grid operations. Thus, the smart grid has become more dependent on communication and information technologies, such as wide area measurement systems (WAMSs). WAMS are used to collect real-time measurement from sensors across widely dispersed areas. Such systems will improve real-time monitoring and control; however, recent studies have pointed out that the use of WAMS introduces significant vulnerabilities to the smart grid that can be leveraged by attackers. Therefore, preventing or reducing the damage of cyber attacks is critical to the security of the smart grid. In this paper, we focus on the relation between cyber-attack propagation and IP multicast routing, which is an essential aspect to the collection of phasor measurement units (PMUs) measurements. To this extent, we formulate the problem as the construction of a multicast tree that minimizes the propagation of cyber-attacks, while satisfying real-time and capacity requirements. The proposed attack propagation multicast tree is evaluated using IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 24-bus, IEEE 39-bus, the New England 39-bus, and IEEE 57-bus test systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".