Diphenhydramine’s Role in Death Investigations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Diphenhydramine (DPH), an over-the-counter first-generation H1 receptor antagonist, is not a common drug of abuse; however, it is encountered in cases of overdose both in the clinical setting and in death investigations. The toxicology laboratories in the Tarrant County Medical Examiner's Office and the District of Columbia Office of The Chief Medical Examiner analyze antemortem and postmortem specimens. Presented are the findings of this evaluation and detailed histories of cases involving DPH. METHODS: Toxicology reports, autopsy reports, and death investigator narratives were obtained in cases involving DPH at toxic and lethal levels in which this compound was the primary cause or a contributing factor in the death. RESULTS: Blood concentrations were quantified at a range of 2870 to 21,263 ng/mL. A rare occurrence of DPH abuse via documented intravenous administration leading to death is presented. The cases presented here generally involved much higher concentrations of DPH and an older population than those in previous published data regarding DPH's role in death investigation and abuse. CONCLUSIONS: As people seek legal alternative drugs to abuse and with the ease of obtaining information via online forums, there is a potential to see an increase in the number of cases involving excessive use of DPH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".