A particle-based model for ablation and wake formation in faint meteors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a model for the ablation of small, non-fragmenting meteoroids (m < 10−4 kg) at heights in the Earth's atmosphere where the free molecular flow regime is applicable (h > 100 km). The goal of this model is to explain the dimensions of faint meteor wakes observed in our previous high-resolution optical study. Collisions between atmospheric molecules, the meteoroid, and evaporated meteoric particles are modelled to simulate wake formation, as well as ablation and deceleration of the meteoroid. The widths of simulated meteor wakes agree with high-resolution observations of nine meteors selected from our previous study. This suggests that the width of the observed meteor wakes is related to the collisional processes of evaporated meteoric particles, rather than lateral dispersion of fragments or other processes. Simulated meteor beginning heights tend to be higher than observed; otherwise, modelled light curves are in general agreement with observations. Conversely, simulated meteoroids consistently experience less deceleration than observed. Simulated meteor wakes also tend to be short compared to observations. These trends suggest that fragmentation is prevalent in the selected meteors and should be investigated in a future iteration of the model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".