Risk of Death Due to Breast Cancer in Women Treated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants and Tamoxifen.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Tamoxifen is widely prescribed to women with breast cancer, but is a prodrug converted by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP 2D6) to its active metabolite endoxifen. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) are commonly co-prescribed with tamoxifen, but inhibit CYP 2D6 to varying degrees and may decrease the effectiveness of tamoxifen.Materials and methods: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of women in Ontario, Canada aged 66 years of age or older who were treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer between 1993 and 2005 and had overlapping SSRI therapy. Following completion of tamoxifen therapy, we modeled the risk of death from breast cancer as a function of the proportion of time on tamoxifen during which each SSRI had been co-prescribed.Results: We identified 24,430 women aged 66 years and older who started tamoxifen therapy during the 13 year study period. Of these, 7489 (30.6%) received at least one antidepressant during tamoxifen therapy. After excluding those treated with no SSRI or with multiple SSRIs, those with poor adherence to tamoxifen therapy, and those with unknown cause of death, the primary analysis included 2430 women. Paroxetine was the most commonly prescribed SSRI (n=630; 25.9%) followed by sertraline (n=541; 22.3%), citalopram (n=467; 19.2%), venlafaxine (n=365; 15.0%) fluoxetine (n=253; 10.4%) and fluvoxamine (n=174; 7.2%). A total of 1074 (44.2%) women died during follow-up and there were 374 (34.8%) breast cancer deaths. After adjustment for age, duration of tamoxifen therapy, and other potential confounders absolute increases of 25%, 50%, and 75% in the percentage of time co-prescribed paroxetine during tamoxifen therapy were associated with 24%, 54% and 91% increases in the risk of death from breast cancer respectively (p<0.05 for each comparison). In contrast, we found no such risk with fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine or citalopram. We observed a nonsignificant trend toward reduced breast cancer mortality among venlafaxine users, which may reflect the common practice of using venlafaxine for tamoxifen-related hot flashes, a putative predictor of better outcomes in women receiving tamoxifen. We replicated our analyses using death from any cause as the outcome of interest (n=1074). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that absolute increases of 25%, 50% and 75% in paroxetine exposure during tamoxifen therapy were associated with relative increases of 13%, 28% and 46%, respectively, in the risk of death from any cause. In contrast, we found no such increased risk in all-cause mortality associated with exposure to the other SSRIs in women receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer.Discussion: Paroxetine use during tamoxifen therapy is associated with an increased risk of death due to breast cancer. This supports the hypothesis that paroxetine-mediated CYP 2D6 inhibition can reduce or abolish the beneficial effects of tamoxifen. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2049.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".