Aminated Thermoresponsive Microgels Prepared from the Hofmann Rearrangement of Amides without Side Reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermoresponsive microgels bearing primary amine groups were prepared by the Hofmann rearrangement of methacrylamide groups present in cross-linked NIPMAM (N-isopropylmethacrylamide) microgels. Most thermoresponsive microgels are based on NIPAM (N-isopropylacrylamide). By substituting NIPMAM for NIPAM, and methacrylamide for acrylamide, side reactions and the generation of carboxyl groups were prevented during the Hofmann reaction. The Hofmann rearrangement is sufficiently slow under our conditions (1 h for a 51% conversion) to permit fine control of the primary amine contents in the microgels. When starting with PNIPMAM microgels containing both methacrylamide and acrylic acid residues, we prepared a series of amphoteric microgels spanning a range of amine contents, all from a common parent microgel. Therefore, every microgel in the series had the same microstructure, cross-link density, and molecular weight.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".