162 Using carcinogenic classifications of pesticides to evaluate the risk of select cancers in Canadian men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To examine possible associations between exposure to pesticides classified by their carcinogenicity and the risk of select cancers in Canadian men. Methods Between 1991 and 1994, data were collected in six provinces using paper and telephone questionnaires from cases with incident non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (N = 513), multiple myeloma (MM) (N = 342), soft tissue sarcoma (STS) (N = 357), and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (N = 316) and a random, population-based sample of 1506 age- and province-matched controls. Pesticides were grouped into carcinogenic categories using a composite score created from evaluations by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Pesticides were categorised as “probably” carcinogenic (IARC Group 2A and/or US EPA Group B and higher) or “possibly” carcinogenic (IARC Group 2B and/or US EPA Group C and higher). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Models were adjusted for age, province, and use of a proxy respondent. Results Nearly 20 “probably” and 50 “possibly” carcinogenic pesticides were reportedly used by participants. Men who used any “probably” carcinogenic pesticide had increased odds for NHL (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.23−2.16) and MM (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12−2.18), but not for STS (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.81−1.58) and HL (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.66−1.48) relative to men who did not use these pesticides. Similarly, men who used any “possibly” carcinogenic pesticide had higher odds for NHL (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.21−1.96) and MM (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02−1.81), but not for STS (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.77−1.35) and HL (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.70−1.33). Conclusions The use of any carcinogenic pesticide was associated with modest increases in odds for NHL and MM, but not for STS and HD. The ORs were slightly larger from use of “probably” compared to “possibly” carcinogenic pesticides. These results are consistent with IARC and US EPA pesticide classifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".