Some Applications of Near Surface Geophysics to Earthquake Geohazards Investigations: Examples from Eastern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nature of seismic shaking is dependent on source characteristics, travel path and near-surface site conditions. Many years of observations of earthquake damage have indicated that the presence of thick soil is a major contributing factor to the shaking response of structures. As well, seismic-induced changes in soil parameters can lead to other effects such as loss of resistance to shear (liquefaction) and landsliding. In the last several years, many national building codes have recognized the importance of soil effects, including shear strength, damping, amplification and resonance. Many of these in-situ geotechnical parameters can now be measured or estimated using modern near-surface geophysical techniques. Indeed, current building codes indicate that the preferred measurement technique for seismic zonation is based on shear wave velocity structure of soil and bedrock. Other active and passive, surface or invasive techniques, also contribute valuable ancillary data leading to assessment of soil strength and liquefaction potential in granular materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".